![]() ![]() ĭiaphragm dysfunction can lengthen hospitalization times, with support in some patients by assisted mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, and nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Another iatrogenic event of cardiac surgery is damage to the functionality of the diaphragm muscle, for which, depending on the clinical indication, the surgeon may resort to diaphragmatic plication. Other potential long-term comorbidities are post-sternotomy pain syndrome (PSPS), with an incompletely understood etiology, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) for different brain events. Some of the major morbidities include wound infections, sternal instability, renal failure (acute or chronic), and stroke. Despite the progressive improvement of the surgical approach, the patient is subject to risks during and after the surgery. Cardiothoracic surgery is always evolving, with tools and techniques in constant revision, such as robotic and video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS).
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